Explainers

In Briefs

Succinct rundowns on the world’s most important developments, produced by CFR’s scholars and editorial team. 

In Brief Filters and Cards

Germany
On the Ukraine War, Germany Has a Leadership Problem. Here’s Why.
Germany is providing critical weapon systems to Ukraine in the grinding war with Russia, but it remains reluctant to lead on European security.
Russia
Who Are Russia’s War Hawks, and Do They Matter?
The evolving views of hard-liners within Russia’s paramilitary, media, and national security establishments offer important clues as to the direction Putin will take the war in Ukraine.
Energy and Environment
The United States Needs to Prepare for More Billion-Dollar Climate Disasters Like Hurricane Ian
Billion-dollar disasters such as Hurricane Ian are on the rise in the United States. Officials should take swift action to reduce the damage and protect Americans.
Iran
Iran’s Protests, Raisi’s UN Speech, and Nuclear Deal Talks: What to Know
The death of Mahsa Amini has sparked large-scale protests in Iran. But President Raisi’s speech at the UN General Assembly signals that the regime is not likely to soften its stance toward the Iranian people nor toward the West.
Russia
Does Putin’s Gamble Make Russia’s War in Ukraine More Dangerous?
Russia’s moves to mobilize thousands more troops and to annex more of Ukraine’s territory signal a new, potentially more dangerous phase of the war.
United Kingdom
What Will King Charles III Mean for the British Monarchy Overseas?
The succession from Queen Elizabeth II to Charles could accelerate anti-monarchy movements in countries where the Crown is still head of state.
Health
U.S. Life Expectancy Is in Decline. Why Aren’t Other Countries Suffering the Same Problem?
COVID-19 is contributing to a dramatic decline in the average lifespan of Americans. The drop-off is canceling out decades of public health gains and stretching the gap between the United States and its peers.
Middle East and North Africa
Egypt Is Hosting COP27. Can It Become Africa’s Climate Champion?
As host of the UN climate talks, Egypt is trying to attract financial support for the continent’s climate actions. But its record of repression and reliance on fossil fuels threaten to undercut that effort.
Middle East and North Africa
How Inter-Shia Strife Is Threatening Iraqi Security
Violence between rival Shiite factions has raised concerns that Iraq’s weak government is facing prolonged political upheaval.
Brazil
Deforestation of Brazil’s Amazon Has Reached a Record High. What’s Being Done?
Scientists say the rain forest is approaching a critical tipping point at which the damage is irreversible.
United States
How Does U.S. Voter Turnout Compare to the Rest of the World’s?
The debate over how to address persistently low voter turnout is heating up ahead of the midterm elections.
Middle East and North Africa
How Israel and Turkey Benefit From Restoring Relations
The reopening of diplomatic ties with Israel is the latest move in Turkey’s regional rapprochement. With it, Ankara aims to bolster national security and its wavering economy.
Climate Change
What the Historic U.S. Climate Bill Gets Right and Gets Wrong
The Inflation Reduction Act promises the largest investment in climate action in U.S. history—$370 billion—and could lead to significant emissions reductions over the next decade.  
Climate Change
Why the UN Is Taking on Plastic Pollution
The United Nations is fast-tracking discussions that aim to forge an international agreement to curb plastic waste, one of the most pervasive and hazardous environmental pollutants.
Afghanistan
The U.S. Holds Limited Influence in the Taliban’s Afghanistan
A year after the U.S. withdrawal, half of Afghanistan’s population faces a food emergency, and the Taliban regime acts with cruelty and indifference.